Mapping Public Transportation Accessibility Inequality in DKI Jakarta Using Moran’s I and LISA Analysis

Fazel Karly; Silmi Afina  Aliyan; Irene Rwabudandi

doi:10.23960/jpg.v14.i1.84

Authors

Fazel Karly Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Author
Silmi Afina Aliyan Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Author
Irene Rwabudandi University of Rwanda Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23960/jpg.v14.i1.84

Keywords:

Public transport, Accessibility, Spatial inequality, Moran’s I, LISA

Abstract

Public transportation plays a central role in supporting community mobility, especially in megacities such as DKI Jakarta, which is experiencing high pressure due to population growth and urbanization. In recent years, the public transportation system in Jakarta has undergone rapid development through the introduction of modes such as TransJakarta, KRL, LRT, and MRT. However, this development has not been fully accompanied by equitable access, particularly in outlying areas that remain underserved. Therefore, this study aims to analyze spatial disparities in public transportation accessibility in Jakarta using geospatial and spatial statistical approaches. The methods used include mapping the distribution, density, and accessibility of the main public transportation modes (TransJakarta, KRL, LRT, MRT) as well as spatial autocorrelation tests using Moran’s I index and LISA with inverse distance and contiguity edges and corners approaches. The analysis results show a clustered spatial pattern, with the central city area classified as a High-High cluster (high accessibility), while peripheral areas such as East Jakarta and parts of North Jakarta are classified as Low-Low and Low-High clusters (low accessibility). These findings indicate significant disparities in the distribution of public transportation services. Therefore, this study recommends that public transportation planning in Jakarta be focused on areas with service deficits to achieve a more equitable, inclusive, and sustainable mobility system.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

An, R., Wu, Z., Tong, Z., Qin, S., Zhu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2022). How the built environment promotes public transportation in Wuhan: A multiscale geographically weighted regression analysis. Travel Behaviour and Society, 29, 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2022.06.011

Anastasiadou, K., Gavanas, N., Pyrgidis, C., & Pitsiava-Latinopoulou, M. (2021). Identifying and prioritizing sustainable urban mobility barriers through a modified Delphi-AHP approach. Sustainability, 13(18), 10386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810386

Andoko, B. W., Setiawan, D., Purnomo, E. P., Salsabila, L., & Fais, K. (2021). Public Policies for Creating Sustainable and Integrated Transport in Jakarta. Advances in Digital Science: ICADS 2021, 523–530. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71782-7_46

Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x

A’rachman, F., Setiawan, C., Warnadi, Insani, N., & Hijrawadi, S. (2022). Spatial Analysis of Public Transportation Accessibility for Pedestrian in Central Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1039(1), 012044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1039/1/012044

Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2025). Penduduk, Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk, Distribusi Persentase Penduduk Kepadatan Penduduk, Rasio Jenis Kelamin Penduduk di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. https://jakarta.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/V1ZSbFRUY3lTbFpEYTNsVWNGcDZjek53YkhsNFFUMDkjMyMzMTAw/jumlah-penduduk--laju-pertumbuhan-penduduk--distribusi-persentase-penduduk--kepadatan-penduduk--rasio-jenis-kelamin-penduduk-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-dki-jakarta.html?year=2025

BIG. (2024). Ina-Geoportal. https://tanahair.indonesia.go.id/portal-web/unduh/rbi-wilayah

Carroll, P., Benevenuto, R., & Caulfield, B. (2021). Identifying hotspots of transport disadvantage and car dependency in rural Ireland. Transport Policy, 101, 46–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.11.004

Ceder, A. (2021). Urban mobility and public transport: future perspectives and review. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 25(4), 455–479. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2020.1799846

Ceysara, A. P., & Aji, A. (2025). The Dynamics of Public Green Open Space Availability in Ciputat District, South Tangerang City, 2011-2025. Jurnal Penelitian Geografi, 13(2), 380–392. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpg.v13.i2.33594

Chen, Y. (2021). An analytical process of spatial autocorrelation functions based on Moran’s index. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0249589. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249589

ESRI. (n.d.). Configure conceptualizations of spatial relationships—ArcGIS Pro | Documentation. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/configure-neighborhood-conceptualizations.htm

Faghihinejad, F., Zoghifard, M., Amiri, A. M., & Monajem, S. (2023). Evaluating social and spatial equity in public transport: A case study. Transportation Letters, 15(10), 1420–1429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2022.2158541

Gao, Y., & Zhu, J. (2022). Characteristics, Impacts and trends of urban transportation. Encyclopedia, 2(2), 1168–1182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020078

García-Palomares, J. C., Ribeiro, J. S., Gutiérrez, J., & Marques, T. S. (2018). Analysing proximity to public transport: the role of street network design. Boletín de La Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 76, 102–130. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.2517

Hafiudzan, A., Kusumaningrum, D., & Prasetyoputra, P. (2024). Who gets the most? Study of housing clustering and its relation to urban public transport accessibility in Jakarta. Eighth Geoinformation Science Symposium 2023: Geoinformation Science for Sustainable Planet, 12977, 33–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3009742

Hardi, A. Z., & Murad, A. A. (2023). Spatial Analysis of Accessibility for Public Transportation, A Case Study in Jakarta, Bus Rapid Transit System (Transjakarta), Indonesia. Journal of Computer Science, 19(10), 1190–1202. https://doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2023.1190.1202

He, X., Yu, Y., & Jiang, S. (2023). City centrality, population density and energy efficiency. Energy Economics, 117, 106436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106436

Hidayati, I. (2021). Daily Commute of Circular Migrant in Greater Jakarta: a Review: A REVIEW. DEMOS: Journal of Demography, Ethnography and Social Transformation, 1(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30631/demos.v1i1.998

Hopson, L. M., Lidbe, A. D., Jackson, M. S., Adanu, E., Li, X., Penmetsa, P., Lee, H. Y., Anderson, A., Obuya, C., & Abura-Meerdink, G. (2024). Transportation to school and academic outcomes: a systematic review. Educational Review, 76(3), 648–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.2034748

Huda, N. M., & Imro’ah, N. (2023). Hybrid ARIMA-Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran Index and LISA) for Covid-19 Vaccination in All Indonesian Provinces. Jambura Journal of Biomathematics (JJBM), 4(2), 126–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37905/jjbm.v4i2.20915

Indriyani, R. A. A., & Widaningrum, D. L. (2021). A spatial equity assessment of the public facilities in the greater Jakarta area using Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 794(1), 012090. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012090

Jambak, M. A., Susilo, Y. B., Nuryana, S. D., Yuda, H. P., Amri, M. A., Setiawan, N. S., Sulyana, D., & Lestari, A. D. (2025). THE GENESIS OF JAKARTA AS A" BAY CITY" IN THE QUATERNARY PERIOD AND ITS IMPLICATIONS. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY, 46–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v8i1.20171

Kementerian Perhubungan. (2025). Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Perhubungan Tahun 2024. https://ppid.dephub.go.id/fileupload/informasi-berkala/20250516132623.LKIP_Kemenhub_2024.pdf

Khalaf, E. M., Mohammadi, M. J., Sulistiyani, S., Ramírez-Coronel, A. A., Kiani, F., Jalil, A. T., Almulla, A. F., Asban, P., Farhadi, M., & Derikondi, M. (2024). Effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation on human health: A review. Reviews on Environmental Health, 39(2), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVEH-2022-0237/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS

Kuo, Y.-H., Leung, J. M. Y., & Yan, Y. (2023). Public transport for smart cities: Recent innovations and future challenges. European Journal of Operational Research, 306(3), 1001–1026. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.06.057

Lunke, E. B. (2022). Modal accessibility disparities and transport poverty in the Oslo region. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 103, 103171. https://doi.org/https://doi.https://www.academia.edu/download/99078503/geo_2010115010021.pdforg/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103171

Manager Public Relations KAI Commuter. (2025, June 11). KRL Commuter Line Jabodetabek Angkut 179 Juta Penumpang di Januari-Mei 2025. https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6049389/krl-commuter-line-jabodetabek-angkut-179-juta-penumpang-di-januari-mei-2025

Marada, M. (2010). Differences in the availability of transport possibilities in Czech municipalities and socio-geographical micro-regions. Geografie. https://doi.org/https://www.academia.edu/download/99078503/geo_2010115010021.pdf

Marques, S. de F., & Pitombo, C. S. (2021). Ridership estimation along bus transit lines based on kriging: Comparative analysis between network and Euclidean distances. Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis, 5(1), 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41651-021-00075-w

Mergenthaler, C., Gurp, M., Rood, E., & Bakker, M. (2022). The study of spatial autocorrelation for infectious disease epidemiology decision-making: a systematized literature review. CABI Reviews, 2022. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1079/cabireviews202217018

Moran, P. A. P. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1/2), 17–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2332142

MRT Jakarta. (2019). MRT Jakarta Fase 2. https://jakartamrt.co.id/id/proyek/fase-2

Muttaqin, M. Z., Herwangi, Y., Susetyo, C., Sefrus, T., & Subair, M. (2021a). Public transport performance based on the potential demand and service area (case study: Jakarta public transport). Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku367

Muttaqin, M. Z., Herwangi, Y., Susetyo, C., Sefrus, T., & Subair, M. (2021b). Public Transport Performance Based on the Potential Demand and Service Area (Case Study : Jakarta Public Transport). Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku367

OpenStreetMap. (2025). OpenStreetMap. https://www.openstreetmap.org/

PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia. (n.d.). Rute KAI Commuter. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://commuterline.id/perjalanan-krl/peta-rute

PT LRT Jakarta. (n.d.). Rute LRT Jakarta. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.lrtjakarta.co.id/rute.html

PT MRT Jakarta. (n.d.). Daftar Stasiun MRT Jakarta. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://www.jakartamrt.co.id/id/daftar-stasiun

PT Transportasi Jakarta. (n.d.). Rute Transjakarta. Retrieved June 12, 2025, from https://transjakarta.co.id/rute

PT Transportasi Jakarta. (2025, February 6). Berita Transjakarta. https://transjakarta.co.id/berita/laporan-kinerja-2024-sepanjang-tahun-2024-transjakarta-tumbuh-tinggi-dan-semakin-efisien

Purwoko, B. A., & Yola, L. (2022). Willingness to modal shift from private to public transportation in Jakarta metropolitan area. Planning Malaysia, 20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v20i21.1089

Rizki Maulana, M., Kurniawan, E., Bin Nayan, N., & Nugraha, S. B. (2025). The Relationship between the Development of Sub-district Areas and the Rate of Conversion of Agricultural Land and the Rate of Business Investment in Pacitan Regency. Jurnal Penelitian Geografi, 13(2), 243–262. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpg

Rocha, H., Filgueiras, M., Tavares, J. P., & Ferreira, S. (2023). Public transport usage and perceived service quality in a large metropolitan area: the case of porto. Sustainability, 15(7), 6287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076287

Rodriguez-Valencia, A., Rosas-Satizábal, D., & Hidalgo, D. (2023). Big effort, little gain for users: lessons from the public transport system reform in Bogotá. Public Transport, 15(2), 411–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-022-00308-1

Saputra, K. A. (2023). Keadilan & transportasi: Membahas HAM dalam distribusi fasilitas transportasi. JURNAL HUKUM, POLITIK DAN ILMU SOSIAL, 2(4), 216–222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55606/jhpis.v2i4.2683

Silverman, B. W. (2018). Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315140919

Soza-Parra, J., Raveau, S., & Muñoz, J. C. (2022). Public transport reliability across preferences, modes, and space. Transportation, 49(2), 621–640. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-021-10188-2

Susana, N., Ulni, A. Z. P., & Zuriyani, E. (2024). Spatial analysis of healthcare facilities in Mersam Subdistrict. Jurnal Penelitian Geografi, 12(12), 211–222. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpg

Syafruddin. (2024). Enhancing mobility: strategies for integrated public transportation in Jakarta’s metropolitan area. International Journal of Information Technology, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-024-02112-5

Tola, A. M., Demissie, T. A., Saathoff, F., & Gebissa, A. (2021). Severity, spatial pattern and statistical analysis of road traffic crash hot spots in Ethiopia. Applied Sciences, 11(19), 8828. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198828

Utami, D., & Afrilia, A. (2025). Geospatial Perspective in the Distribution and Zoning Model of Senior High Schools in Bandar Lampung City. Jurnal Penelitian Geografi, 13(2), 393–410. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jpgv13.i2.33629

Vahia, U., & Shukla, R. (2021). Design of feeder system for metro: a review. Intelligent Transport Management: Issues and Challenges, 55.

van Dülmen, C., Šimon, M., & Klärner, A. (2022). Transport poverty meets car dependency: A GPS tracking study of socially disadvantaged groups in European rural peripheries. Journal of Transport Geography, 101, 103351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103351

Weisburd, D., Britt, C., Wilson, D. B., & Wooditch, A. (2020). Measuring Association for Scaled Data: Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Basic Statistics in Criminology and Criminal Justice, 479–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47967-1_14

Wijayanto, Y., Fauzi, A., Rustiadi, E., & Syartinilia. (2022). Spatial Patterns Analysis of Jabodetabek Electric Rail Transportation Using Spatial Autocorrelation Approach. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 950(1), 012082. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012082

Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Cheng, Q., Luo, M., Zhang, X., & Wang, Y. (2022). Evaluation of Spatial Fairness of Urban Public Transport Service: A Case Study of Wuhan City. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 43, 579–585. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2022-579-2022,2022